Systematic Review of the Concept of Intelligence: Cognitive Biases and Burden of Proof in Its Measurements
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Abstract
The concept of intelligence, traditionally associated with logical and mathematical problem-solving, presents a central paradox: individuals with exceptional IQ scores (≥130) show deficits in social, emotional, or practical skills. This systematic review analyzes 95 studies (2000-2023) to explore: (1) cognitive biases in IQ tests that prioritize analytical skills over other dimensions; (2) the "burden of proof" faced by psychometric instruments to validate their comprehensiveness; and (3) paradigmatic cases of geniuses with high IQs and low performance in non-academic competencies. Using PRISMA methodology, it was identified that 68% of IQ tests ignore emotional intelligence, 54% do not assess creativity, and 89% lack ecological validity. It is concluded that intelligence, as a construct, requires multidimensional models integrating neuroscientific evidence and cultural critique.
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